2.6 Is there an automatic right of subrogation upon payment of an indemnity by the insurer or does an insurer need a separate clause entitling subrogation?

3. Litigation – Overview

3.1 Which courts are appropriate for commercial insurance disputes? Does this depend on the value of the dispute? Is there any right to a hearing before a jury?

3.2 What, if any, court fees are payable in order to commence a commercial insurance dispute?

3.3 How long does a commercial case commonly take to bring to court once it has been initiated?

4. Litigation – Procedure

4.1 What powers do the courts have to order the disclosure/discovery and inspection of documents in respect of (a) parties to the action, and (b) non-parties to the action?

4.2 Can a party withhold from disclosure documents (a) relating to advice given by lawyers, or (b) prepared in contemplation of litigation, or (c) produced in the course of settlement negotiations/attempts?

4.3 Do the courts have powers to require witnesses to give evidence either before or at the final hearing?

4.4 Is evidence from witnesses allowed even if they are not present?

4.5 Are there any restrictions on calling expert witnesses? Is it common to have a court-appointed expert in addition or in place of party-appointed experts?

4.6 What sort of interim remedies are available from the courts?

4.7 Is there any right of appeal from the decisions of the courts of first instance? If so, on what general grounds? How many stages of appeal are there?

4.8 Is interest generally recoverable in respect of claims? If so, what is the current rate?

4.9 What are the standard rules regarding costs? Are there any potential costs advantages in making an offer to settle prior to trial?

4.10 Can the courts compel the parties to mediate disputes, or engage with other forms of Alternative Dispute Resolution? If so, do they exercise such powers?

4.11 If a party refuses a request to mediate (or engage with other forms of Alternative Dispute Resolution), what consequences may follow?

5. Arbitration

5.1 What approach do the courts take in relation to arbitration and how far is the principle of party autonomy adopted by the courts? Are the courts able to intervene in the conduct of an arbitration? If so, on what grounds and does this happen in many cases?

5.2 Is it necessary for a form of words to be put into a contract of (re)insurance to ensure that an arbitration clause will be enforceable? If so, what form of words is required?

5.3 Notwithstanding the inclusion of an express arbitration clause, is there any possibility that the courts will refuse to enforce such a clause?

5.4 What interim forms of relief can be obtained in support of arbitration from the courts? Please give examples.

Interim measures available under procedural law, including those described in question 4.6.

5.6 Is there any right of appeal to the courts from the decision of an arbitral tribunal? If so, in what circumstances does the right arise?

6. Hot Topics

6.1 In your opinion, are there any current hot topics which relate to insurance and reinsurance issues in your jurisdiction? If so, please set out briefly any which are of particular note.

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